Why 60 ghz

The receiver was moved away from the TX and measurements were taken at the intervals of every one minutes. Hence, 27 different measurements were obtained. The height of antenna was 1.

Another measurement was done in an open empty parking area which includes some trees. The antenna height was kept at 1. The standard deviation of rice factor and average value of k was calculated from all experimentation performed. Narrowband and wideband measurements are performed by Simulder et al. The results obtained by them are compared by their own proposed deterministic model.

They have conducted experiments on different locations like urban streets, city tunnels, and airport fields. They had used a channel sounder which was based on correlation.

The RF frequency was centered around The height of TX was kept at 4 m and RX was at 2. A bad multipath situation was observed in city streets and parking garage. It is because of larger dimensions and relatively smooth surface leads to strong reflections. In case of city streets SDW was ns or more. Wideband propagation measurements have been done by Esher Ben Dor team at 60 GHz for outdoor environments [ 14 ]. They have developed mega chips per second spread spectrum sliding correlator channel sounder for 38 and 60 GHz.

This has a 1. The experiment was performed in outdoor courtyard with pedestrian in University of Texas campus. The campus is consisting of various buildings and some trees. Another experiment was conducted for the investigation effect of vehicular communications. It was conducted in a parking area, which included various vehicles, several lampposts and surrounded by tall multistoried buildings with few vegetation.

The TX and RX were placed 1. It was observed by the experiment performed at courtyard that path loss exponents are higher then free space path loss for LOS. In case of courtyard 6. For parking area RMS delay spread was 2. Outdoor propagation measurements at frequencies 38 and 60 GHz have been carried out by Rappaport et al. They shows path loss delay spared as a function of antenna pointing and separation.

They use channel sounder which has variable rate PN sequence generator. The millimeter wave up down convertor get the input of IF frequency of 5. These convertors contain mixer and LO frequency multipliers which give output of The 60 GHz Tx and Rx used vertically polarized antenna whose gain is 25 dB and contain beam width of 7.

In this work two different types of experiments are done. In the first type TX and RX was placed at the same level. There was single TX and 10 RX was placed at different locations. The area was surrounded by various buildings which are of 1—10 stories long.

The receiver moved away from the transmitter to about 19— m. There are various obstacles presented in the scenarios like automobiles, brick and aluminum sided buildings, foliage, lamppost, handrails and signs. The second type of experiment was done in scenario where TX was placed on a roof top and receiver is placed at ground level.

Rests of the situations were similar as described in first experiment. Propagation studies for diffraction and scattering was performed at 60 GHz by Jonthan et al.

Studies for diffraction were observed at building corner whereas scattering experiments was performed at lamppost, car, buildings. Propagation studies for obstruction due to human movements were also measured. The RX system consisted of same antenna system used in TX. It was then connected to low noise amplifier NIZ The signal was then sent to harmonic mixer FS-Z Then signal was down converted and sent to vector signal analyzer FSQ For the conduction of outdoor measurements on cars, lamppost and buildings the TX and RX are placed on a moving cart and then moved according to some fixed angles.

The height of antennas was kept at 1. The diffraction measurements were done for building corners. For this purpose two different sites were chosen one was the corner made up of concrete while another was made up of concrete and windows. In the first experiment TX cart was placed at a distance of 3.

The RX was placed at a distance of 2. In the second experiment the TX was placed at a distance of 6. The scattering measurements were done for a car in an empty parking area. The transmitter was placed at a distance of 23 m from car. The transmitter bore sight was centered on the side of car and normal to the surface of car. For the study of human blocking two scenarios was taken. In the first scenario it was assumed that the TX and RX were at same height, which was 1 m and moving from one place to another.

In another scenario the TX was at roof top with height of 2. They are moving within the radius of 7 m. From the above experimentation it was observed that scattering from the objects like lamppost and still cars are higher than the diffraction observed from the buildings corners.

When TX and RX are placed in horizontal plane and in specular direction the receiver power observed was higher, whereas for non-specular direction better results was observed in case of column and ridges. In the case of human blockings actual results are compared with the threshold model of absorbing screens proposed by them. It shows standard deviation of about 5 dB. The propagation studies for rural environments at 60 GHz was done by Daniel et al.

Oxygen Absorption of 60GHz Point-to-point wireless systems operating at 60 GHz have been used for many years by the intelligence community for high security communications and by the military for satellite-to-satellite communications.

Dense frequency re-use of 60GHz signals Another consequence of O2 absorption is that radiation from one particular 60 GHz radio link is quickly reduced to a level that will not interfere with other 60 GHz links operating in the same geographic vicinity. Highly Directional Antennas: Advantages of spectrum re-use and security Directivity is a measure of how well an antenna focuses its energy in an intended direction.

Beamforming Modern V-band radios such as our own offer sophisticated Beamforming to ensure solid, reliable links and ability to mount on flexible structures such as street lamp poles, monopoles and other street furniture or available structures.

O2 versus Rainfall Planning 60GHz wireless link planning has to take account both O2 absorption as well as rainfall. In an era where the public want reassurance that wireless technologies are safe to humans, we provide a factual summary. Compare with WiFi milliwatts and your cellphone to milliwatts. Only deployed outdoors, above head-height. The radios are deployed on roof top locations typically.

Unlike your cellphone, which you press directly to your head, these units are never in direct proximity or contact with humans. Directional beams: rather than emitting signals in all directions, 60GHz Wireless links direct this low energy level ONLY in the direction which it is needed — towards the precise location of the other end of the link.

Beam spreading: the beams spread out as they propagate, becoming weaker in signal strength for every metre travelled. Also specific to 60GHz, the beam is further absorbed by Oxygen in the atmosphere, decreasing the power level even further. Thus the further from the wireless device a person is situated, the lower this power level becomes. The frequencies used 60GHz are in the millimeter wave section of the electromagnetic spectrum. Long before 5G was even dreamed up, Point-to-Point radios all over the world have used 60GHz band now for decades.

There have been NO reported health issues from 60GHz during ALL of this time, no protests, and no studies suggesting that they could, or would cause any harm.

These 60GHz frequencies have been used for decades already with no known adverse effects or health reports. Considerable safety research has been done. Why is our 60GHz Technology considered safe? Modern V-band 60GHz radios meet all global standards for health and safety of wireless devices. Furthermore, our radios are the lowest power of any outdoor wireless device used today, anywhere in the world.

These radios are located in areas away from direct proximity to humans and therefore represent the least exposure of any wireless device. Is this 5G technology? The radios described on this site do not use 5G standards or technology. They use an extension of WiFi technology, extended to the 60GHz band. This standard is called What forms of wireless are less safe? Cellphones: The highest RF exposure you will get in your life is from your OWN cellphone, because when you use it, you hold it to your head whilst making a call.

The transmitter in your cellphone emits at 1W 1 Watt and is just 5 millimeters from your brain. The radio signals typically in the range MHz up to 2. Yet Billions of people have regularly used cellphones for decades, with no widespread health effects measured. Meanwhile, thousands of lives are saved every year by emergency calls made using these phones.

Logic tells us that we should weigh up the clear BENEFIT of mobile phones — which regularly save lives of our loved ones — versus irrational fear of 5G conspiracists, who have no supporting evidence. Airport Radars: To keep planes flying safely, airport radars transmit pulses up to 25kW 25 kilowatts, or 25, Watts into the air, with average power 2. Interestingly, these signals are at similar frequencies to 3G, 4G and 5G.

In the USA, 2. Yet nobody complains about these high power levels of radar , which has been in constant use since the s: 90 years.

X-rays: Another high level of radiation you likely will receive in your life is a medical X-ray. No, because the alternative is to live suffering with pain, or worse. Scientists carefully measure and manage the risk and lifetime dose levels to ensure you are kept safe. We accept their word, because they are reputable healthcare professionals and scientists, backed by decades of data, unlike the 5G conspiracists.

Please contact your local Health and Safety officer. A link to their site is here: The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection ICNIRP dictates standards of compliance to be provided with planning applications and for operators to continue to ensure all sites remain compliant Check regional or national government advice: a link to Public Health England is below: UK telecom regulator OFCOM have a useful page of links here : Please ask for a safety audit of your site if you have wireless equipment installed.

It monitors the health-related evidence applicable to radio-wave exposures and is committed to providing any advice that might be necessary. All humans have irrational fear: the fear of the unknown. DoubleRadius, Inc. Indian Trail, NC DoubleRadius Blog.

Author: Austin Parker March 09, 0 Comments. This 7 GHz of spectrum can be divided up into channels ranging between 1 and 2 GHz wide. Massive Throughput This band can allow for up to Gbps of throughput from some products on the market today. Shorter Range The max range of 60 GHz links are limited to about km 1. This is due to the absorption of oxygen in the atmosphere by the 60 GHz signal.

For the basic EBG structures, the characteristic wavelength is used to optimize the length and width of the unit cells, as well as the gap between them with Eqs.

However, with the help of the above-mentioned formulas, complex structures other than the conventional structure are difficult to obtain. Therefore, we used a variety of EBG structures to operate at our desired frequency band. The proposed EBG structures are shown in Fig.

The square-shaped and cross-shaped EBG structures were designed to reduce the coupling between the elements and improve the overall MIMO antenna gain. The dimensions of unit cells for each type of EBG are shown in Fig.

In Fig. The inductance value of the unit cell was increased by lengthening the connecting bridges To validate the surface wave suppression property of the EBGs structures, a narrow strip of the transmission line was placed on the top of the EBG surface. Both ends of the transmission line were connected to two ports at a distance of 0. The setups of the surface wave suppression for both square- and cross-shaped EBG structures are shown in Fig. After analyzing the surface wave suppression results, the EBG structures were ready to place between the GHz MIMO antenna array for comparison in terms of the mutual coupling and gain improvement.

Figure 5 shows the implementation of the square-shaped and complex-slotted EBG structures on the proposed four-element MIMO antenna array. To block the surface current at the resonant frequency, the g and slots in the cross-shaped EBG unit cell provides the capacitance and inductance, respectively.

The compact-size complex-slotted EBG structure is placed in such a way that two elements of the array are on the one side and the two elements are on the other side of the structure, as shown in Fig. EBG setups with two port transmission lines for the surface wave suppression.

The transmission lines were placed 0. The surface waves were suppressed by the EBG structures and were blocked from the propagation through transmission lines. The simulation results of the transmission coefficient S 12 between the elements 1 and 2 is also presented in Fig. Different types of the EBG structures were compared in terms of coupling reduction and gain improvement.

The scattering parameters were matched exactly at the desired GHz band. The scattering parameters of the proposed EBG structures square- and cross-shaped are shown in Fig. It is evident from the figure that both types of EBG structures provided an acceptable bandgap at the resonant frequency.

These values provide broad or wide bandgap for the suppression of surface waves. The surface current distributions were shown in Fig. The figure shows that the EBG structures suppress the surface waves in the desired frequency band and block them from propagation through the transmission line.

The suppression capabilities of square-shaped EBG were more dominant compared to the cross-shaped EBG, where a significant number of waves were suppressed by the square-shaped EBG. The structures exhibit both the in-phase and surface-wave-suppression properties of EBG at the desired frequency band. Both the EBG structures provided a wider bandgap for the surface wave suppression.

The performance of the optimized EBG structures in terms of mutual coupling reduction is shown in Fig. The investigated EBG structures suppressed the surface waves within the bandgap, resulting in a reduction in mutual coupling.

Moreover, at the antenna-centered frequency, the transmission coefficient S 12 parameter showed a clear forbidden bandgap for the surface waves between the antenna elements. The scattering parameters S 11 , S 22 , S 33 , S 44 of the antenna elements were excellently matched at the desired GHz frequency.

Coupling reduction of the square-shaped, cross-shaped, and complex-slotted EBG structures. All the three EBG structures provided the coupling reduction and improved the isolation level between the array elements. Furthermore, the scattering parameters S 13 , S 14 between the first element and the third and fourth elements of the array were also investigated for all the proposed types of EBG structure, as shown in Fig.

Moreover, the EBG structures provided isolation between the element 1 and 4; however, owing to the large isolation gap between the elements, the EBG structures were not that much effective.

As depicted from the figure, addition of the EBG structure minimized the surface currents flow into other array elements. In the absence of EBG structure, the surface currents flow toward the other elements. The performance of the EBG structures in terms of the gain patterns is shown against the desired direction of radiation in Fig. It is worth noting that the EBG structures provided gain improvement, as well as coupling reduction. Satisfactorily, gain values of 8. The square-shaped EBG structure showed significant performance enhancement as compared to that of the other EBG structures, with a wider beam-width at the desired GHz frequency band.

The structure provided an in-phase reflection of the surface waves and redirected them toward the maximum gain direction. An overall gain of The cross-shaped and complex-slotted EBG structures provided only coupling reduction at the required GHz frequency band, with no significant gain improvement; however, the structures directed the main beam slightly toward the desired direction. The small degree change in the directive beams for both EBG structures was observed in Fig.

The maximum gain varied between 14 dBi and The results reinforce the proposed argument that the simple shape EBG provides promising performance in the GHz frequency band. Moreover, single-element antenna provided the maximum gain pattern in the desired direction; however, the MIMO antenna array produced two different side lobes at two distinct angles. The integration of the square-shaped EBG structure between the antenna elements provided the main lobe in the desired direction and two side lobes at two different angles.

The main and two side lobes of the square-shaped EBG structure were more directive with peak gain values of All the three lobes in the desired direction can be used for the transmission and reception of the signals at mmW band for smart MIMO and high data rate applications. The important and complicated step in the GHz band design is the fabrication and measurement of small systems.

The square- and cross-shaped EBG designs were fabricated and a transmission line was placed above the structure at a distance of 0. Both the fabricated designs and the transmission line over the EBGs with connectors are shown in Fig. The two end-launch connectors were connected to the transmission line end points. The two ports are shown connected to both connectors at the end of the transmission line.

The transmission line is connected to both connectors and set to 0. The S 11 and S 12 of the antenna array with EBG structure were observed at the desired frequency band. The results were slightly shifted owing to the connector losses and fabrication errors.

The S 11 and S 22 parameters were shifted slightly from the central frequency due to the fabrication errors of the EBG unit cells near the antenna elements.

The reduction factor in the mutual coupling was significant. The figure shows that the measurement results were in a reasonable agreement with the simulation results, whereas slight shifts were observed in the results owing to the connector losses and fabrication errors.